So why do I recommend testing with a much smaller number of users? The curve clearly shows that you need to test with at least 15 users to discover all the usability problems in the design. There is no real need to keep observing the same thing multiple times, and you will be very motivated to go back to the drawing board and redesign the site to eliminate the usability problems.Īfter the fifth user, you are wasting your time by observing the same findings repeatedly but not learning much new. Plus, of course, the third user will generate a small amount of new data, even if not as much as the first and the second user did.Īs you add more and more users, you learn less and less because you will keep seeing the same things again and again. The third user will do many things that you already observed with the first user or with the second user and even some things that you have already seen twice. So the second user adds some amount of new insight, but not nearly as much as the first user did. People are definitely different, so there will also be something new that the second user does that you did not observe with the first user. When you test the second user, you will discover that this person does some of the same things as the first user, so there is some overlap in what you learn. The difference between zero and even a little bit of data is astounding. The most striking truth of the curve is that zero users give zero insights.Īs soon as you collect data from a single test user, your insights shoot up and you have already learned almost a third of all there is to know about the usability of the design. Plotting the curve for L =31% gives the following result: The typical value of L is 31%, averaged across a large number of projects we studied. Where N is the total number of usability problems in the design and L is the proportion of usability problems discovered while testing a single user. In earlier research, Tom Landauer and I showed that the number of usability problems found in a usability test with n users is: The best results come from testing no more than 5 users and running as many small tests as you can afford. Elaborate usability tests are a waste of resources. Some people think that usability is very costly and complex and that user tests should be reserved for the rare web design project with a huge budget and a lavish time schedule.
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